{"id":54,"date":"2019-08-03T09:46:00","date_gmt":"2019-08-03T09:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/2019\/08\/03\/1-1-digital-and-analog-computers\/"},"modified":"2024-11-07T19:04:02","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T13:19:02","slug":"1-1-digital-and-analog-computers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/?p=54","title":{"rendered":"1.1 Digital and Analog Computers"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 A Digital Computer<\/b> uses distinct valuesto represent the data internally.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
    \n
  • All information are represented using the digits 0’s and 1’s.<\/li>\n
  • The computers that we use at our homes and offices are digital computers.<\/li>\n
  • Digital signal represent particular state that is: 0 (low) or 1(high), yes or No, On or OFF, TRUE OR FALSE.<\/li>\n
  • These systems store and process the data in digital form (strings of 0’s and 1’s).<\/li>\n
  • They are capable of processing analog signals but the analog signals have to be converted into digital signals using an ADC
    \nbefore feeding into the digital computers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    <\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n
    2.\u00a0 Analog Computer is another kind of computer that represents data as variable across a continuous range of values.<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n
      \n
    • The earliest computers were analog computers.<\/li>\n
    • Analog computers are used for measuring of parameters that vary continuously in real time, such as temperature, pressure
      \nand voltage.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Analog computers may be more flexible but generally less precise than digital computers.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Based on analog mechanism.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>These are fast and multi-tasked.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Results displayed by these computers are less accurate.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Analog computers are used in hospital to measure the size of stone in kidney and mental disease diagnostics (CT scan with
      \nphotos).<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Powerful in solving differential equations.<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>These computers use OP-AMP (Operational Amplifier).<\/li>\n
    • \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>Examples: Seismograph<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      <\/p>\n

      <\/div>\n
      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01.1.1\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>Hybrid
      \ncomputer (digital + analog)<\/b><\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
        \n
      • These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers.<\/li>\n
      • Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers <\/b>and digital computers.<\/b><\/li>\n
      • The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as\u00a0 <\/span>a solver of differential equations<\/b>.<\/li>\n
      • The hybrid computers can transfer data from analog to digital and digital to analog.<\/li>\n
      • Used in industrial process control, jet planes, airplanes.<\/b><\/li>\n
      • These computers are mainly used in hospital to measure the heart beat of patient.<\/li>\n
      • Simulation: <\/b>Simulation is the process in which the computer system and program are used
        \nto produce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/p>\n

        <\/div>\n
        Table 1.1 Types of Basic
        \nComputer<\/b><\/div>\n
        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n
        Computer<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Input<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Output<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Based on<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Examples<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Digital<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        On\/Off, 1\/0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        On\/Off,1\/0<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Counting<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        General Purpose PC’s<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Analog<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Measure<\/div>\n
        Elements<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Graph<\/div>\n
        Pictures<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Continuous<\/div>\n
        Measurements<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Weather Forecasting,<\/div>\n
        Speedometer, ECG Machines etc.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Hybrid<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Both 0\/1 &<\/div>\n
        Measure<\/div>\n
        Elements<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Both On\/Off<\/div>\n
        &<\/div>\n
        Graphs<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Counting &<\/div>\n
        Measurements<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Controlling & monitoring plants,<\/div>\n
        Petrol pumpls, Modem, Simulation,<\/div>\n
        Industrial process, Jet Plane etc.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
        <\/div>\n

        \n<\/b>
        \nTable 1.2 Comparison between Analog and Digital Computer<\/b><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        \n
        <\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Digital<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Signal<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog signal is a continuous signal which represents physical
        \nmeasurements.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Digital signals are discrete time signals generated by digital
        \nmodulation.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Waves<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Denoted by sine waves<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Denoted by square waves<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Representation<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Uses continuous range of values to represent information<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Uses discrete or discontinuous values to represent information<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Example<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Human voice in air, analog electronic devices.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital electronic devices<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Technology<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog technology records waveforms as they are.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Samples analog waveforms into a limited set of numbers and records
        \nthem.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Data <\/b><\/div>\n
        transmissions<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Subjected to deterioration by noise during transmission and
        \nwrite\/read cycle.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Can be noise immune without deterioration during transmission and
        \nwrite\/read cycle<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Response to <\/b><\/div>\n
        Noise<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        More likely to get affected reducing accuracy<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Less affected since noise response are analog in nature.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Flexibility<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog hardware is not flexible<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Digital hardware is flexible in implementation.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Uses<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Can be used in analog devices only. Best suited for audio and video
        \ntransmission.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Best suited for Computing and digital electronics.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Applications<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Thermometer<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        PCs, PDAs<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Bandwidth<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog signal processing can be done in real time and consumes less
        \nbandwidth.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        There is no guarantee that digital signal processing can do done is
        \nreal time and consumes more bandwidth
        \n<\/span>to carry out the same information.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Memory<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Stored in the form of wave signal<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Stored in the form of binary bit<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Power<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog instrument draws large power.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Digital instrument draws only negligible power.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Cost<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Low cost and portable.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Cost is high and not easily portable.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Impedance<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Low<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        High order of 100 megaohm.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \n
        Errors<\/b><\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Analog instruments usually have a scale which is cramped at lower end
        \nand give considerable observational errors.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n
        		\n
        Digital instruments are free from observational errors like parallax
        \nand approximation errors.<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
        <\/div>\n

         <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          1.\u00a0 A Digital Computer uses distinct valuesto represent the data internally. All information are represented using the digits 0’s and 1’s. The computers that we use at our homes and offices are digital computers. Digital signal represent particular state that is: 0 (low) or 1(high), yes or No, On or OFF, TRUE OR FALSE. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-computer-fundamental"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=54"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":537,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54\/revisions\/537"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/536"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=54"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=54"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rijankc.com.np\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=54"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}