Sunday, 10 May, 2026

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133 Posts

1.1 Definition of Computer

Computer:- Computer is an electronic device which is capable of performing various operations such as arithmetic and logical operation. It process the given input data and gives out processed data. It can accept millions of instructions and can perform operation with accuracy. Basically, it perform three major operation, take input, process and gives output. Data:- The term data is to define machine readable information from textual human readable information. A data can be a word, a character, any numeric value, audio or video. A data can be of various types such as integers, floating point numbers, characters, strings and arrays.…
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03. Radio Studio and Production Systems

03. Radio Studio and Production Systems

3.1 Radio Studios        A radio station produces on air programs with one or more live presenters and guests in a studio at the station, playing music and other program segments from various devices, and taking phone calls on the air. When needed, the On-Air studio operator also selects another studio in the building or selects a feed from a remote source and integrates that source into the on-air program. Nowadays, the process is largely automated, and whole programs may be broadcast without the intervention of a live presenter. 3.1.1 Studio Characteristics        The audio production studio is a physical…
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09 Avogadro’s Hypothesis

09 Avogadro’s Hypothesis

In 1811 Amadeo Avogadro proposed his hypothesis. According to his hypothesis under the similar condition of temperature and pressure equal volume of all gases contain the same number of molecules. Application of Avogadro's Hypothesis:- i] To establish the relation between molecular weight and vapour density or,      Prove that: Molecular Weight = 2 × Vapour Density                                            Mol. Wt. = 2 × V.D. Vapour density is the ratio of weight of certain volume of a gas to the weight of…
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08 Molecular Weight

08 Molecular Weight

Molecular Weight is the number which shows how many times a molecule of a substance is heavier than 1/12th part of an atom of C12 isotope. In other words molecular weight is the sum of atomic weight of all atoms present in a molecule of a substance. eg. Mol. wt. of CaCO3 =1×40 + 1×12 + 3×16 = 100 Gram Molecular Weight  When molecular weight of a substance is expressed in gram, then it is called gram molecular weight. One gram molecular weight equals to one mole and its contains 6.023×1023 molecules. For Eg. Molecular Weight of CaCO3 = 100 100gm…
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07 Equivalent Weight

07 Equivalent Weight

STP or NTP Pressure = 760 mmHg = 1 atm T = 273K = 0°c 100ml = 1000cc = 1 LitreAt STP 1 ml or 1 cc of hydrogen = 0.000089 gm Atomic Weight = Equivalent Weight × Valency     In oxide formation method:     In Hydrogen Displacement Method:     In Chlorine Formation Method:     Q.  0.212 gram of magnesium when dissolve in hydrochloric acid and the volume of hydrogen collected over water at 16°c and 750mmHg pressure was 213.5ml. Calculate the equivalent weight of metal. Solution: Weight of metal = 0.212 gm For Hydrogen, Temperature…
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06. Dulong and Petit’s Law

06. Dulong and Petit’s Law

According to Dulong and Petit's Law, the product of atomic weight and specific heat equals to 6.4   (Approx.). This law can be used to calculate exact atomic weight. In this method equivalent weight and specific heat are determined experimentally. Then approx. atomic weight is calculated as:- Approx. Atomic weight × Specific Heat = 6.4 Approx. Atomic Weight = 6.4/Specific Heat Again, Approx. Valency is calculated as: Approx. Valency = Approx. Atomic Weight / Exact Weight If Approx, Valency is in fraction, it is converted into whole number, which is exact valency.           Finally Exact Atomic Weight is calculated as:…
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02. Basics of Broadcasting

02. Basics of Broadcasting

2.1 Types of Radio Broadcasting Broadly speaking, Broadcasting means electronic transmission of radio and television signals that are intended for general public reception. It is also known as the systematic dissemination of entertainment, information, educational programming and other features for simultaneous reception by a scattered audience with appropriate receiving apparatus. Broadcasts may be audible only, as in radio, or visual or a combination of both, as in television. Sound broadcasting is said to have started in 1920s, while television broadcasting began in the 1930s. With the advent of cable television in the early 1950s and the use of satellites for…
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01. Principles of Sound and Vision

1.1 Fundamental of Sound Sound is considered as a physical disturbance in a medium. The sound is actually pressure waves in the air which cause our eardrums to vibrate. For sound to be propagated from one place to another, a medium is required that has elasticity and inertia. By virtue of elastic and inertial forces acting on the air particles, sound is transmitted through the air. Particles vibrate in circular motion as in water waves, in transverse wave motion as in stretched strings and in longitudinal waves as in sound waves. All three forms of particle vibration are simple harmonic…
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05. Atomic Weight

05. Atomic Weight

Atomic Weight is the average relative weight per atom of an element according to their abundance considering an atom of C12 isotopes as 12 amu. For Example: Naturally occurring Chlorine contains 75% Cl35 and 25% Cl37, so atomic of Chlorine   In other words, atomic weight is the number which show how many times an atom of an element is heavier that 1/12th part of an atom of  12Cl isotopes. Fractional Atomic Weight: Atomic Weight is the average  weight per atom of an element. So it can be in fraction due to the presence of isotopes. For Example: Naturally occurring…
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04. Modification of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

04. Modification of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

  (Present Status of Dalton's Atomic Theory) Atoms  are no longer considered as indivisible particles. Since sub-atomic particles like electron, proton, neutron etc. are present in atoms. Atoms of same element may not be identical in all aspects due to the presence of isotopes. Atoms of different element can also have some similarities.         According to Eienston, E=MC2. This shows that mass is destructible. i.e., atoms can also be destroyed. Atoms of same element may not be identical in all aspects due to the presence of isotopes.         In some compounds, atoms are  formed to be combined in fration.…
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