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An atom or group of atoms which bears charge and behaves as single unit during chemical reaction is called radical. Eg. SO4--, Ca++ etc. Depending on charges present, radicals are classified as below:- Electropositive Radical (Basic Radical) (Cation):- These radicals possess positive charge and collect at cathode during electrolysis. Eg. NH4+, Ca++, Zn++ etc. Electronegative Radicals (Acid Radical/Anion):- These radicals possess negative charge and collect at anode during electrolysis. Eg. SO4--, Cl-, NO3- etc. Depending on constituent atoms radicals are classified as below:- i] Simple Radical This type of radicals contains only one type of atoms that can be one…

Valency: Valency is the combining capacity of an element with other elements. In electronic concept, valency is the number of electrons gained or lost or shared by an atom of an element during chemical reaction. Valency of an element depends on the number of valence electrons present in an element. Variable Valency: Some elements can show two or more than two different valencies while forming different compounds. These different valencies are due to the participation of different number of electrons while forming compounds. Such different valencies are called variable valencies.